Abigail is the owner of a tract of land, but umberto owns the mineral and excavation rights to that land. umberto commences excavation in order to access the valuable minerals. while digging, he causes the surface of the land to collapse. umberto is
a. not liable for any damage
b. absolutely liable for any collapse
c. liable only if umberto acted recklessly
d. liable only if umberto acted negligently

Umberto will be liable only if he acted negligently and performed a bad excavation or did not take the proper measures to avoid the land to collapse. This is represented in option "d" and that will be the correct answer.

Explanation:

The remaining options a, b,c can be used if we know the land conditions and Umberto expertise doing excavations. The only thing we know is that the surface of the land collapse during the excavations.

apart from being against desegregation, governor of georgia eugene talmadge opposed as well to the work progress administration, an ambitious program of the "new deal" created by president franklin d. roosevelt to overcome the great depression after world war i. talmadge disagreed with welfare spending, job training and organized labor. according to his ideas, he thought the government was spending too much money on this, and he wasn't willing to accept a wage higher than georgia's lower average wage. besides, talmadge strongly opposed to the "new deal" as he thought it had communist ideas.

for many centuries there were important factors which the economies of the muslim empires developed increasingly. they applied economic procedures in production, investment, finance, taxation and property. they used to tax certain goods (for example: harvest), they charged interest on money lent, they signed contracts with merchants; they relied on a common currency, and they used checks as well as promissory notes. with the money collected by means of taxation, the government provided the needy with an income. in addition, trading networks covered huge distances, so far regions started to have contact and exchange goods. this trade network covered areas of asia, africa and europe.