suppose that you are planning to conduct a study to look at the effect of pet ownership on empathy, but that you cannot find any good measures of empathy (all of the measures that you find seem to fall short of your understanding of what empathy is, or to miss the mark completely). unless you can find a measure that you are satisfied with, your research may end up being low in

construct validity of the effect

Explanation:

construct validity in research refers to how much the variables that is used in the research forms a correlation with the things that intended to be measured.

From the case above, we know that we want to research the effect of empathy.

But, people show their empathy in a very wide variety of ways. (for example some of them show it through tears, some of them through direct help, some of them through physical contact, etc). Because of this, we do not have any sure method that applicable to all subjects, which make it impossible to find a correlation between the subject's actions and the amount of emphatic. This will cause research end up lacking in construct validity of the effect.

the answer to this question is d