One element common to behavioral learning theory and social-cognitive theory is that they both
a) were tested in the laboratory using rats as subjects
b) explain children's motivation to learn
c) promote the idea of learning from consequences
d) require direct reinforcement of children's behavior

One element common to "behavioral learning theory" and "social-cognitive theory" is that they both "promote the idea of learning from consequences".

Explanation:

The behavioral learning theory proposes to clear "how human beings learn from past experiences" and their responses to the situations they've been in. On the other hand, the "social-cognitive theory" exists to clarify how human beings unknowingly learn various things from the social setting they live in, by observing how the surrounding responds to various stimuli.