The results from research have been known to produce harms to members of the sampled population who do not actually participate in the research study. an example of the type of research that could result in group harms by stigmatizing members of the group (even for individuals who do not participate in the research) is

Mankiw attributes – chapter 1 and his 10 principles – differences in living standards within a countryover time and across countries at a moment in time to: a. the presence or absence of inflation and unemployment.b. the allocation of resources between private markets and the public sector.c. those that have dealt successfully with the efficiency v. equality tradeoff and those that haven’t.d. differences in productivity.e. ones that think at the margin and respond to incentives and those that don’t.