In western cultures, women with gray hair are often described as being "over the hill" while men with gray hair are referred to as "distinguished." the reality that women are judged more harshly than men relative to appearance is referred to as a:

   Double standard

Explanation:  Although civilized society throughout the world has achieved a great deal of emancipation and gender balance, there are still double standards when it comes to women. There are examples everywhere and all the time, for example, for a man who is successful it will be commendable, while a successful woman can be considered "bossy". Then, when men enjoy commercials with half-naked women, everything is fine, but when a woman performs her mother's duty to breastfeed a child in public, she is condemned and forced not rare to cover herself. There are many more examples from everyday life.

q1: artillery

q2: simon bolivar

q3:   their workers and farmers demanded a return to spanish rule.

q4: drafted new constitutions

q5: oligarchies have replaced monarchies

answer; humanistic;