Gary, a high school student with no interest in academics, has started to study for four hours every week to avoid getting poor grades in school. this scenario is reflective of in operant conditioning.

answer is b.shrapnel

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.