Jonah and jonathan are twin brothers. jonah is a compulsive gum chewer and nail-biter, while his brother jonathan is a two-pack-a-day smoker and heavy drinker. freud would say that both brothers appear to be stuck in the stage of personality development.

Freud would say that both brothers appear to be stuck in the "oral stage of personality development".

Explanation:

Oral stage starts after the child's birth and for 1 year a child is in oral stage of development. In this stage the focus point for development is mouth as a child has oral need to eat,suck milk or water from their mouth. And when their oral needs are not met, they are going to start nail biting or thumb sucking etc to fulfill their basic needs.

earlier philosophers whose work influenced the enlightenment included bacon, descartes, locke, and spinoza. the major figures of the enlightenment included beccaria, diderot, hume, kant, montesquieu, rousseau, adam smith, and voltaire. it spread the ideas of the enlightenment across europe and beyond.