How does the constitution protect the rights of individuals against government

The first ten amendments to our Constitution, called the Bill of Rights, guarantee basic freedoms of the American people. For example, freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, and freedom of religion are guaranteed rights. So if the government is denying someone's right to do something the person can use the constitution to back them up and prove they have the right to do something

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the president has the power to appoint federal judges, ambassadors, and other "principal officers” of the united states, subject to senate confirmation of such appointments.