The provision of public goods gives rise to

The provision of public goods gives rise to positive externalities.

Explanation: A positive externality is a benefit that a third party is able to receive due to an economic transaction they aren't necessarily involved directly in.  A public good is a good that is non-excludable and non-rivalrous so an individual is unable to be excluded from using it. The service does not need to be paid for to use it, such as air with breathe.

the answer is either c or d i think its d

even though you have attached neither the chart nor the generalizations, i have located them online. the right answer is d, since they are asking you about a generalization. you can only infer from the chart that between 2008 and 2009 the number of employed workers decreased significantly (from over 115 millions to 107 millions approximately), which signals some type of economic crisis.