Which constitutional amendment makes many federal laws also apply to the states?

Look at the map of cities in the united states at the turn of the twentish century what impact did railroads have on cities across the united states at the turn of the twentish century

“dear sir: it is with great reluctance, i trouble you on a subject, which does not fall within your province; but it is a subject that occasions me more distress, than i have felt, since the commencement of the war; and which loudly demands the most zealous exertions of every person of weight and authority, who is interested in the success of our affairs. i mean the present dreadful situation of the army for want of provisions, and the miserable prospects before us, with respect to futurity. it is more alarming than you will probably conceive, for, to form a just idea, it were necessary to be on the spot. for some days past, there has been little less, than a famine in camp. a part of the army has been a week, without any kind of flesh, and the rest for three or four days. naked and starving as they are, we cannot enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiery, that they have not been ere this excited by their sufferings, to a general mutiny or dispersion. strong symptoms, however, discontent have appeared in particular instances; and nothing but the most acitive efforts every where can long avert so shocking a catastrophe.” what’s the central idea?

What does it signify if point 1 shifts down and to the right? a. the price level and the real gdp are falling. b. the real gdp is falling, and supply is increasing. c. the price level is rising, and production is increasing. d. the price level is falling, and demand and the real gdp are rising.