What represents the value of the second-best alternative that a person gives up when making a choice? a. marginal spending b. marginal benefit c. opportunity cost d. marginal cost

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.