Amother tells her teenage son to turn down his music. the son tells his mom that he will do so and turns the volume down slightly. a minute later, the mother cannot tell that her son complied with her request, so she yells at him. apparently, the decrease in volume did not meet the mother's:

In e. c. tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals, while other rats were allowed to explore the mazes for 10 days without food goals or other rewards. later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze, the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats after only one or two trials. this experiment demonstrated that the rats had the ability to form of their surroundings.