Read the quotation. “the [collection] of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands . . may justly be [called] the very definition of tyranny. . . . it will be proper to investigate the sense in which the [protection] of liberty requires that the three great departments of power should be separate and distinct.” —james madison, the federalist paper no. 47 (1788) james madison was the fourth president of the united states and one of the nation’s founding fathers. which enlightenment thinker most likely influenced the ideas presented in this quotation by madison? explain what this thinker believed and how his ideas relate to the quotation.

Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer and composer. Born in Geneva, his political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political and educational thought.

His Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract are cornerstones in modern political and social thought. Rousseau's sentimental novel Julie, or the New Heloise (1761) was important to the development of preromanticism and romanticism in fiction. His Emile, or On Education (1762) is an educational treatise on the place of the individual in society. Rousseau's autobiographical writings—the posthumously published Confessions (composed in 1769), which initiated the modern autobiography, and the unfinished Reveries of a Solitary Walker (composed 1776–1778)—exemplified the late-18th-century "Age of Sensibility", and featured an increased focus on subjectivity and introspection that later characterized modern writing.

So Madison was influenced by Montesquie and Rousseau as many people in that time.

industry had made the u.s. the richest nation in the world at this time. the second industrial revolution caused growth in industry and transportation, which allowed increased trade between nations.