What distinguishes the modern presidency from the institution originally envisioned by the framers of the constitution? a. modern presidents exhibit a greater level of deference to congress in budgetary matters than the framers intended b. the modern presidency is less involved in the development of foreign policy than the framers intended c. the modern presidency has become the central focus of american politics since the 1930s, supplanting congress as the "first branch" of government d. modern presidents are more cautious in advocating for their legislative agendas than the framers intended

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C is the correct answer.

Since the 1930s, the American Presidency has become its central institution. This was not always the case. Prior to FDR, the American Presidency had its strengths but was a co-equal branch with the Legislative and the Judiciary Branch.

FDR reshaped the Presidency during the Great Depression and World War II to make it the "first branch" of American government, or certainly the one that Americans perceive as the most important/powerful.

absolute poverty the condition of having too little income to buy the necessities-- food, shelter, clothing, health care.

achieved status a social position (status) obtained through an individual's own talents and efforts.

affirmative action the requirement that employers make special efforts to recruits hire and promote qualified members of previously excluded groups including women and minorities.

aggregate a collection of unrelated people who do not know one another but who may occupy a common space--for example, a crowd of people crossing a city street.

agrarian societies societies in which large scale cultivation using plows and draft animals is the primary means of subsistence.

alienation the separation or estrangement of individuals from themselves and from others.

amalgamation the biological as well as cultural assimilation (merging) of racial or ethnic groups.

anomalies in science observations or problems that cannot be explained or solved in terms of a prevailing paradigm.

anomie a breakdown or confusion in the norms, values, and culture of a group or a society. a condition of relative normlessness.

anomie theory the theory suggesting that deviance and crime occur when there is an acute gap between cultural norms and goals and the socially structured opportunities for individuals to achieve those goals.

anticipatory socialization the process of taking on the attitudes values and behaviors of a status or role one expects to occupy in the future.

apartheid the recent policy of racial separation in south africa enforced by leg

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