The supreme court decision in citizens united v. federal election commission (2010) allowed companies to use their money to directly support political candidates through political advertising. prior to this ruling, a partial ban on such activities existed.

free speech, protected under the first amendment, now applies to companies and organizations in the political advertising arena.

discuss the effects of citizens united v. federal election commission.
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Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) is a landmark case that dealt with the regulation of political campaign spending by organizations. The Supreme Court held that the First Amendment of the Constitution protects the free speech of nonprofit corporations, for-profit corporations, labor unions and other associations.

The effects of this case have been significant. One of the major ones was the development of "super PACs" (political action committees). These committees make no financial contributions to candidates or parties, but they accept unlimited donations from individuals and corporations.

Moreover, the ruling weakened the power of the traditional "establishment" in terms of their ability to raise funds. As independent organizations contribute more and more to campaigns, candidates are free to challenge the party establishment, weakening the party and moving away from traditional positions.

for many centuries there were important factors which the economies of the muslim empires developed increasingly. they applied economic procedures in production, investment, finance, taxation and property. they used to tax certain goods (for example: harvest), they charged interest on money lent, they signed contracts with merchants; they relied on a common currency, and they used checks as well as promissory notes. with the money collected by means of taxation, the government provided the needy with an income. in addition, trading networks covered huge distances, so far regions started to have contact and exchange goods. this trade network covered areas of asia, africa and europe.