Following their defeat at the battle of long island the british fled to pennsylvania. is this true

Yes, they fled through New Jersey to Pennsylvania

answer; the answer to the first question is (king james ii was replaced by his daughter mary and her dutch husband william of orange;

the correct answer is the following is a list of inventions made in the medieval islamic world, especially during the "islamic golden age" (8th to 13th centuries),[1][2] as well as the late medieval period, especially in the emirate of granada and the ottoman empire.

science and technology in the islamic world adopted and preserved knowledge and technologies from contemporary and earlier civilizations, including persia, india, china, and greece-roman antiquity, while making a number of improvements and innovations.