If you believed that the motivation to become involved in criminal activities is intrinsic in lower-class culture, you would be a proponent of which theory?

I believe the answer is: Cultural Deviance

Cultural Deviance theorized that societies high crime rate typically had a very similar characteristics, which might lead to the conclsuion that criminal behaviours are mostly caused by environmental influences rather than individual. Example of the characteristics are low average income, less government program, less job opportunities, higher rate of single parenthood, etc.

d - failures.

the only attempted british colony in north america before 1600 was roanoke, virginia, which was a total failure. england claimed several areas, including newfoundland, but made no sustainable attempts to colonize them before 1600.