According to carmichael and hamilton, can take place without an individual intending to deprive others of privileges and even without the individual being aware that others are being deprived.

The answer is "institutional racism".

The expression "institutional racism" depicts societal examples that force severe or generally negative conditions on identifiable gatherings based on race or ethnicity. Oppression may originate from the administration, schools or the court.  

Institutional racism shouldn't be mistaken for singular prejudice, which is coordinated against one or a couple of people. It has the capability of contrarily influencing individuals on a huge scale, for example, if a school declined to acknowledge any African Americans based on color.

1.new zealand has a large temperate climate while for north has subtropical weather during summer.

i can only answer one

a) they had recently endured the tyranny of the british king, parliament, and its royal