Iprovide ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something i like. i punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something i don't like. i am applying the principles of in an attempt to modify ralph's behavior.

I believe the answer is: classical conditioning

Classical conditioning happens when we pair a biologically potent stimulus  with a previously neutral stimulus. Over time, the subject would  elicit a certain type of response everytime they are faced with the natural stimulus, even without the existence of the potent stimulus.

answer: there were new carvings etched into the back of the sculpture and each shoulder was turned into a symbol of the birdman.

if interdependence implies a two-way dependence, and if each partner is equally dependent on the other for success, then there is an equal commitment to the making the partnership successful. the advantage is sustainability of the relationship, the disadvantage is that decisions are "democratic" and therefore may take longer to reach and more likely to be a compromise (which is not always the best solution). as the interdependence moves away from equality, the decisions become more influenced by the more independent partner. in the extreme the relationship becomes more dictatorial and more like "master-slave". generally the relationship has less commitment in both directions and is more likely to be temporary.

if one generalizes (and one shouldn't), equity partnerships, which is probably what is implied by interdependence, can be slow to progress or change but durable. the extreme alternative, independent-dependent partnerships tend to be efficient but more fragile.

hope this but you will have to site your own evidence. : )