Approaches to cognitive development that seek to identify the ways that individuals take in, use, and store information. the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant.

The correct answer is information processing approaches

Information processing is the process through which information is encoded, stored and retrieved. Encoding involves recording information in a form usable to memory. Retrieval is carried out in order to bring the material located in storage to memory

permafrost layer, it exists beneath a layer of soil, rock or sediment.