What was the “black hand”?
a. an early organized crime outfit that was similar to the modern mafia
b. an early workers union that was a precursor to the fair labor association
c. an article that exposed unsanitary living in u. s. cities
d. a sculpture that represented working class struggles in the u. s.

the question deals with financial planning and the answer is that dan did not stay on budget due to the fact that this guy needs to start decreasing his discretionary spending. according to the financial plan, he needed to balance his expenses and resources.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.