When a fisher casts his line into the water, the location where he sees the fish is not actually where the fish is, due to refraction light. given that the index of refraction is higher in water than in air, is the fish actually farther from the fisher or closer compared to where he sees it?

The fish is actually farther from you then you think

stands for electromotive force and it is measured in volts. despite its name, it is not actually the force in the sense of being a "pushing" or "pulling" (not measured in newtons).an equation that relates emf,  ℰ,  to a battery's terminal voltage, v, current, i, and internal resistance, r, is    ℰ = v + irin this case, the emf can be interpreted as a voltage—a difference in electric potential.i would not say that it would be considered an energy. if emf can be defined as the energy/work per a unit charge from a battery or other electric source, then it is not strictly energy.

What the heck r u talkin bout? ?