The shifting of the of the earth caused the volcanic eruption.
a. lithosphere
c. topographical
b. terrain
d. tetonic plates

Option (D)

Explanation:

The earth's crust is comprised of lithospheric plates. These plates are of two types, namely the continental crust and the oceanic crust. These plates move over the layer of the Asthenosphere, because of the convection current that initiates in the mantle. These currents are formed due to the heat radiated from the interior of the earth.

These lithospheric plates move in three ways, namely-

(a) Divergent plate boundary

(b) Convergent plate boundary

(c) Transform plate boundary.

In a convergent plate motion, the plate with high density sinks below the low-density plate. As a result of which the subducting plate undergoes partial melting and the magma slowly rises up toward the surface of the over-riding plate. This magma when exerts an upward pressure, lifts the landforms, forming a volcano or volcanic islands.

Thus, the volcanic eruptions take place due to the shifting of the tectonic plates.

Hence, the correct answer is option (D).

layers of the earth affect the waves and these effects are seen on instruiments such as seimometers