What creates an electric force field that moves electrons through a circuit

The mass of the sun is 1.99×1030kg and its distance to the earth is 1.50×1011m. what is the gravitational force of the sun on the earth?

Acommercial refrigerator with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is used to keep the refrigerated space at -35°c by rejecting waste heat to cooling water that enters the condenser at 18°c at a rate of 0.25 kg/s and leaves at 26°c. the refrigerant enters the condenser at 1.2 mpa and 50°c. if the compressor consumes 3.3 kw of power, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, (b) the refrigeration load, (c) the cop, and (d) the minimum power input to the compressor for the same refrigeration load.

(a) if the pressure in gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor do (i) vrms and (ii) change? (b) is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20oc) without heating it? explain.