What happens when the temperature of a substance is slightly decreased?

Which statement best describes how private industry decides where to spend the money on research and development

Four point charges each having charge q are located at the corners of a square having sides of length a. find symbolic expressions for the following. (a) the total electric potential at the center of the square due to the four charges (use any variable or symbol stated above along with the following as necessary: ke.) vtotal= (b) the work required to bring a fifth charge p from infinity to the center of the square (use any variable or symbol stated above along with the following as necessary: w=

Asteel tube (k=50 w/mk) of inner and outer diameter di = 20mm and do=26mm, respectively, is used to transfer heat from hot gases flowing over the tube (h-hot = 200w/m2k) to cold water flowing through the tube (h-cold = 8000 w/m2k). what is the cold-side overall heat transfer coefficient uc? to enhance heat transfer 16 straight fins of rectangular profile are installed longitudinally along the outer surface of the tube. the fins are equally spaced around the circumference of the tube, each having a thickness of 2mm and a length of 15mm. what is the corresponding overall heat transfer coefficient uc? *solve for uc in both cases*