How are the valence electrons related to the ions formed?

Atomic nuclei of almost all elements consist of

An object resting on a table weighs 100 n. with what force is the object pushing on the table? with what force is the table pushing on the object? explain how you got your answer.

You throw a small rock straight up from the edge of a highway bridge that crosses a river. the rock passes you on its way down, 7.00 s after it was thrown. what is the speed of the rock just before it reaches the water 28.0 m below the point where the rock left your hand? ignore air resistance.