Why did Thomson observe two glowing dots when he put neon gas into a
cathode-ray tube?

Electrons accelerated to high velocities travel in straight lines through an empty cathode ray tube and strike the glass wall of the tube, causing excited atoms to fluoresce or glow.

layers of the earth affect the waves and these effects are seen on instruiments such as seimometers

the earths atmosphere is made up of nitrogen and oxygen. solids can turn into gasses through a process called sublimation. sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase, without passing through the intermediate liquid phase.

hope this : d