A stainless-steel-bottomed kettle, its bottom 27 cm in diameter and 2.4 mm thick, sits on a burner. The kettle holds boiling water, and energy flows into the water from the kettle bottom at 900 W .What is the temperature of the bottom surface of the kettle? Thermal conductivity of stainless steel is 14 W/(m⋅K).

increase masses, decrease separation

the aurora is formed when charged particles emitted from the sun during a solar flare penetrate the earth's magnetic shield and collide with atoms and molecules in our atmosphere. these collisions result in countless little bursts of light, called photons, which make up the aurora.

auroras are generated by charged solar particles hitting molecules in earth's atmosphere. this usually happens in high latitudes, because our planet’s magnetic field tends to funnel these particles toward the poles. that’s why it can be experienced in northern ohio.