William is taking part in an experiment. william is instructed to tickle his own nose, and as a result, he is about to sneeze. before he sneezes, a research assistant shines a light in his eyes. after many repetitions of this behavior, when the research assistant shines a light in his eyes, william feels like he has to sneeze.
what is the conditioned stimulus (cs) in this scenario?
a.
william tickling his own nose
b.
william sneezing
c.
the light
d.
the researcher’s presence

The answer is; C.

A conditioned stimuli occur when a previously neutral stimulus begin to induce a particular conditioned response. In this case, the shining light was beforehand a neutral stimulus but after repetitive associative use, has made William’s sneezing a conditioned response.

answer: the exterior temperature of commercial jet planes as they leave the stratosphere and return to the ground increases steadily.

explanation:

the lower most layer of atmosphere is troposphere which extends from 0 to 12 km above the surface of the earth. the temperature initially decreases as distance is increased from the earth's surface. commercial jets fly in lower part of the stratosphere. the stratosphere extends upto 50 km. the temperature in stratosphere starts rising again due to presence of ozone which traps the uv rays.

thus, when the planes leave the stratosphere and return to the ground, the exterior temperature increases steadily.