Why is light refracted when it passes from air to water?

Because the speed and the wavelenth of the light changes

Explanation:

When light moves from a medium to a different medium, its speed changes. In particular, the speed of light in a certain medium is defined by the refractive index of the medium:

where

c is the speed of light in vacuum

v is the speed of light in the medium

So, the higher the refractive index, the slower the light into that medium.

Moreover, the wavelength of light is related to its speed, according to

where f is the frequency. The frequency of the light does not change when it passes from one medium to another, so the wavelength must change as well.

In this situation, we have light passing from air to water. Air has a refractive index of approximately 1.00, while water has a refractive index of approximately 1.33. From the definitions above, we can conclude that light slows down when passing from air to water, and so its wavelength decreases as well.

Moreover, the change in speed of the wave also causes the change in its direcion, according to Snell's law:

where n1 and n2 are the refractive index of the first and second medium, while are the angle between the direction of the light and the normal to the interface in the first and second medium respectively. This phenomenon is called refraction, and it tells us that when light moves between two mediums with different refractive index, it changes direction.

the temperature and the pressure affect solubility. temperature affects by changing the properties of the solvent. the increase in pressure increases solubility, the decrease in pressure decreases solubility.

bacteria that live on the ocean floor are sustained by phytoplankton. phytoplankton, microscopic marine photosynthetic organisms, have a vastly significant role to play not only in the marine food web of which they’re part of, but also on a more global scale. despite their infinitely small size in comparison to other marine organisms, these tiny creatures occupy an immensely important ecological niche: they are the foundation of the marine food web, and as primary producers, play key roles in supporting all other organisms in the marine environment, as well as in the regulation of the earth’s climate through the sequestration of carbon, oxygen production, and other related processes. phytoplankton account for roughly half of all global primary productivity; therefore, their significance extends far beyond the marine environment alone. there is an intriguing sense of irony in the realization that these tiny living beings that often live out their existence unnoticed and undetected by the rest of the world, have such a far-reaching impact on the lives of virtually all other living organisms on the planet, particularly on those in the marine environment. the world that we have become accustomed to has been and is continuously shaped by the workings of these miniscule yet vital “plants of the sea”.

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