Which of these describes the heating element of a toaster oven?
a. a conductor surrounded by an insulator.
b. a conductor, which carries electric currents.
c. a resistor, which converts some electric energy to thermal energy.
d. an insulator, which stops the flow of electricity.

An internally reversible refrigerator has a modified coefficient of performance accounting for realistic heat transfer processes of where qin is the refrigerator cooling rate, qout is the heat rejection rate, and is the power input. show that copm can be expressed in terms of the reservoir temperatures tc and th, the cold and hot thermal resistances rt,c and rt,h, and qin, as where rtot rt,c rt,h. also, show that the power input may be expressed as 1.39 a household refrigerator operates with cold- and hot-temperature reservoirs of tc 5 c and th 25 c, respectively. when new, the cold and hot side resistances are rc,n 0.05 k/w and rh,n 0.04 k/w, respectively. over time, dust accumulates on the refrigerator’s condenser coil, which is located behind the refrigerator, increasing the hot side resistance to rh,d 0.1 k/w. it is desired to have a refrigerator cooling rate of qin 750 w. using the results of problem 1.38, determine the modified coefficient of performance and the required power input w under (a) clean and (b) dusty coil conditions. internally reversible refrigerator qout qin w high-temperature reservoir low-temperature reservoir th th,i tc,i tc high-temperature side resistance low-temperature side resistance w qin th tc qinrtot tc qinrtot copm tc qinrtot th tc

The electric potential v is constant everywhere within a certain region of space. which statement below is true? the choices are: the electric field is also constant (but not zero) within the region. a charged particle placed within the region will experience an electric force. the electric field is zero everywhere within the region. the electric field varies from place to place within the region.

Does current flow through or across a resistor?