How does the idea of rotating disk in the nebular model explain certain observed celestial phenomena ?

Ahowler monkey is the loudest land animal and, under some circumstances, can be heard up to a distance of 4.6 km. assume the acoustic output of a howler to be uniform in all directions and that the threshold of hearing is 1.0 × 10-12 w/m2. what is the acoustic power emitted by the howler

Aparticle of mass m is projected with an initial velocity v0 in a direction making an angle α with the horizontal level ground as shown in the figure. the motion of the particle occurs under a uniform gravitational field g pointing downward. (a) write down the lagrangian of the system by using the cartesian coordinates (x, y). (b) is there any cyclic coordinate(s). if so, interpret it (them) physically. (c) find the euler-lagrange equations. find at least one constant of motion. (d) solve the differential equation in part (c) and obtain x and y coordinates of the projectile as a function of time. (e) construct the hamiltonian of the system, h, and write down the hamilton’s equations (canonical equations) of motion.

Asystem containing an ideal gas at a constant pressure of 1.22×10^5 pa gains 2140 j of heat. during the process, the internal energy of the system increases by 2320 j. what is the change in volume of the gas?