A roller coaster works by being hoisted to the top of the highest peak on the track and then released. As the roller coaster car moves along the track the energy gets converted back and forth between kinetic and gravitational potential energy. The entire time the roller coaster car is in motion air friction and friction in the wheels act to oppose the motion of the car. At which point during the ride is the total mechanical energy of the roller coaster car the greatest? a. At the bottom of the first dip in the track when the car is moving the fastest.
b. When the car is exactly at half its original height half way through the ride.
c. At the top of the highest peak as the very start of the ride.
d. At the end of the ride as the car nears the station.

answer: the exterior temperature of commercial jet planes as they leave the stratosphere and return to the ground increases steadily.

explanation:

the lower most layer of atmosphere is troposphere which extends from 0 to 12 km above the surface of the earth. the temperature initially decreases as distance is increased from the earth's surface. commercial jets fly in lower part of the stratosphere. the stratosphere extends upto 50 km. the temperature in stratosphere starts rising again due to presence of ozone which traps the uv rays.

thus, when the planes leave the stratosphere and return to the ground, the exterior temperature increases steadily.

scattering of light by tiny particles in air to produce the colors we see on sky, is dependent on the following factors:

(i) wavelength of light

(ii) size of the scattering particle  

(iii) distance traveled by light through the atmosphere.

according to rayleigh's law of scattering, the amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength. shorter the wavelength, greater is its scattering. hence violet/blue light is scattered more than red.

sun's light is a composite light ( visible light) with wavelengths in the range 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). as sunlight passes through our atmosphere, the molecules of air scatter light according to their wavelengths. during sunrise and sunset, the sun's position is below the horizon. hence light from the sun travels a greater distance in the atmosphere when compared to its position a noon.

as sunlight enters the earth's atmosphere, blue light is scattered away and at the end of its journey in the sky, only red and orange wavelengths remain in the beam.

hence at sunrise and sunset, the sky appears reddish orange.

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