When measuring how far an object has moved, we measure from what point of a ruler?​

As shown in fig. p3.64, a closed, rigid tank fitted with a fine-wire electric resistor is filled with refrigerant 22, initially at 2108c, a quality of 80%, and a volume of 0.01 m3. a 12-volt battery provides a 5-amp current to the resistor for 5 minutes. if the final temperature of the refrigerant is 408c, determine the heat transfer, in kj, from the refrigerant.

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If a negatively charged particle is placed at rest in an electric potential field that increases in the positive x-direction, what will the particle do? a. accelerate in the positive x-direction b. remain at rest c. accelerate in the negative x-direction