Consider an InGaAs APD with x ≈ 0.7 which is biased to operate at M = 10. The unmultiplied dark current is 10 nA and bandwidth is 700MHz. a) What is the APD noise current per square root of bandwidth?
b) What is the APD noise current for a bandwidth of 700MHz?
c) If the responsivity (at M = 1) is 0.8 AW -1 what is the minimum optical power for a SNR of 10?

Light that is polarized along the vertical direction is incident on a sheet of polarizing material. only 96% of the intensity of the light passes through the sheet and strikes a second sheet of polarizing material. no light passes through the second sheet. what angle does the transmission axis of the second sheet make with the vertical?

Suppose you have a box. which of these is not necessarily a true statement regarding the relationship between the force applied to the box, the work done on the box, and the distance the box is moved? a. if the box is not moved, no force is being applied to the box. b. if no force is applied to the box, no work is done on the box. c. if work is done on the box, then a force is applied to the box. d. if work is done on the box, then the box is moved a distance.

Search coils and credit cards. one practical way to measure magnetic field strength uses a small, closely wound coil called a search coil. the coil is initially held with its plane perpendicular to a magnetic field. the coil is then either quickly rotated a quarter-turn about a diameter or quickly pulled out of the field. (a) derive the equation relating the total charge q that flows through a search coil to the magnetic-field magnitude b. the search coil has n turns, each with area a, and the flux through the coil is decreased from its initial maximum value to zero in a time ∆t. the resistance of the coil is r, and the total charge is q = i∆t, where i is the average current induced by the change in flux. (b) in a credit card reader, the magnetic strip on the back of a credit card is rapidly “swiped” past a coil within the reader. explain, using the same ideas that underlie the operation of a search coil, how the reader can decode the information stored in the pattern of magnetization on the strip. (c) is it necessary that the credit card be “swiped” through the reader at exactly the right speed? why or why not?