Why have there been so many change to the atomic model? Under what circumstances should the atomic model be changed again?

Chapter 23, problem 075 the figure shows a geiger counter, a device used to detect ionizing radiation (radiation that causes ionization of atoms). the counter consists of a thin, positively charged central wire surrounded by a concentric, circular, conducting cylindrical shell with an equal negative charge. thus, a strong radial electric field is set up inside the shell. the shell contains a low-pressure inert gas. a particle of radiation entering the device through the shell wall ionizes a few of the gas atoms. the resulting free electrons (e) are drawn to the positive wire. however, the electric field is so intense that, between collisions with gas atoms, the free electrons gain energy sufficient to ionize these atoms also. more free electrons are thereby created, and the process is repeated until the electrons reach the wire. the resulting "avalanche" of electrons is collected by the wire, generating a signal that is used to record the passage of the original particle of radiation. suppose the radius of the central wire is 24 âµm, the inner radius of the shell 2.3 cm, and the length of the shell 14 cm. if the electric field at the shell's inner wall is 2.8 ă— 104 n/c, what is the total positive charge on the central wire?

Apebble is thrown into a calm lake, ripples are formed from the center and move outward. the water particles in the lake travel in a circular pattern that moves up and down on the surface of a lake, and the energy travels a) diagonally. b) downward. c) horizontally. d) upward.

Auniform crate c with mass mc is being transported to the left by a forklift with a constant speed v1. what is the magnitude of the angular momentum of the crate about point a, that is, the point of contact between the front tire of the forklift and the ground