Which refers to the ratio of output force to input force of a machine

The first law of thermodynamics states that heat added to a system is neither created nor destroyed but is transformed ⇒ as it changes into other forms of energy.

An air-filled capacitor is formed from two long conducting cylindrical shells that are coaxial and have radii of 26 mm and 103 mm. the electric potential of the inner conductor with respect to the outer conductor is - 700 v (k = 1/4πε 0 = 8.99 × 109 n · m2/c2) the energy stored in a 1.0-m length of this capacitor is closest to

Aphase diagram assumes is kept constant.