differentiate between refractive index and Critical angle. Please it's Urgent Cause I have to Prepare for a Exam​

If a textbook weighs 37.2 n on venus, and the book has a mass of 4.4 kg, what is the strength of gravity on venus? 8.9 m/s28.9 m/si don't have enough information,9.8 m/s2

Aplane takes off from an airport and flies to town a, located d1 = 215 km from the airport in the direction 20.0° north of east. the plane then flies to town b, located d2 = 230 km at 30.0° west of north from town a. use graphical methods to determine the distance and direction from town b to the airport. (enter the distance in km and the direction in degrees south of west.)

Light from the sun reaches the earth in 8.3 minutes. the velocity is 3.00 x 10^8 m/s. how far is earth from the sun? i know how to get to d = (3 x 10^8 m/s)(498 sec). i just don't know how to get from there to the answer being 1.5 x 10^11 m.