Physics, 02.02.2021 03:20 rubes08

Passage of an electric current through a long conducting rod of radiusriand in uniform volumetric heating at a rate ofq. The conducting rodis wrapped in an electrically nonconducting cladding material of outer radiusroandthermal conductivitykc, and convection cooling is provided by an adjoining fluid. Forsteady-state conditions, write appropriate forms of the heat equations for the rod andcladding. Express appropriate boundary conditions for the solution of these equations.

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a) For radial heat transfer to be zero along the perfectly insulated adiabatic surface; $\frac{dT_{y} }{dr}$ $|_{r-0}$ = 0

b) For constant temperature; $T_{y}$ ( $r_{i}$ ) = $T_{C}$ ( $r_{i}$ )

c) The heat transfer in the conducting rod and the cladding material is the same, i.e; $k_{r}$ $\frac{dT_{y} }{dr}$ $|_{ri}$ = $k_{c}$ $\frac{dT_{c} }{dr}$ $|_{ri}$

d) The convection surface conduction by cooling fluid will be;

$k_{c}$ $\frac{dT_{c} }{dr}$ $|_{r0}$ = h( $T_{c}$ ( $r_{0}$ ) - $T_{\infty}$ )

Explanation:

Given the data in question;

we write the general form of the heat conduction equation equation in cylindrical coordinates with internal heat generation.

1/r $\frac{d}{dr}$ ( kr $\frac{dT}{dr}$ ) + 1/r² $\frac{d}{d\beta }$ ( ( k $\frac{dT}{dr}$ ) + $\frac{d}{dz}$ ( k $\frac{dT}{dr}$ ) + q = 0

where radius of cylinder is r, thermal conductivity of the cylinder is k, and q is heat generated in cylinder.

Now, Assume one dimensional heat conduction

lets substitute the condition for conducting rod with steady state condition.

$k_{y}$ /r $\frac{d}{dr}$ ( r $\frac{dT_{y} }{dr}$ ) + q = 0

Apply the conditions for cladding by substituting 0 for q

$\frac{d}{dr}$ ( r $\frac{dT_{r} }{dr}$ ) = 0

Apply the following boundary conditions;

a) For radial heat transfer to be zero along the perfectly insulated adiabatic surface;

$\frac{dT_{y} }{dr}$ $|_{r-0}$ = 0

b) For constant temperature

$T_{y}$ ( $r_{i}$ ) = $T_{C}$ ( $r_{i}$ )

c) The heat transfer in the conducting rod and the cladding material is the same, i.e

$k_{r}$ $\frac{dT_{y} }{dr}$ $|_{ri}$ = $k_{c}$ $\frac{dT_{c} }{dr}$ $|_{ri}$

d) The convection surface conduction by cooling fluid will be;

$k_{c}$ $\frac{dT_{c} }{dr}$ $|_{r0}$ = h( $T_{c}$ ( $r_{0}$ ) - $T_{\infty}$ )

Passage of an electric current through a long conducting rod of radiusriand in uniform volumetric h

Answer from: Quest

carbon is found in all living things. carbon atoms move constantly through

living organisms, the oceans, the atmosphere, and the earth’s crust in what is

known as the carbon cycle. the directions taken by carbon atoms through this

cycle are very complicated and can take millions of years to make a full circle.

all animals, from humans to the dinosaurs are part of the carbon cycle. when

animals eat food, they get carbon in the form of carbohydrates and proteins.

in animals, oxygen combines with food in the cells to produce energy for daily

activity and then gives off carbon. the carbon combines with oxygen to form

carbon dioxide (co2) and is released back into the atmosphere as a waste

product when animals breathe and exhale.

from 145-65 million years ago, earth was much

hotter than today and covered with dense,

tropical swamp forests. the trees and other

plants were immense and

provided an endless supply of

food for the giant animals that

roamed the land. somewhere in

the air above one of these

forests, a lone carbon atom has joined

up with two oxygen atoms to form a molecule of co2.

the co2 molecule was sucked into the tiny holes (stomata) on the leaf of a

fern plant and joined with sunlight, chlorophyll and water to make food and

energy in the plant’s cells through photosynthesis. the oxygen (o2) from the

co2 molecule was sent back into the atmosphere; the carbon atom (c) was

detached and used to make a molecule of sugar.

if that carbon atom had been eaten instead, a totally

different situation would have developed. let’s say

that a giant plant-eating dinosaur (herbivore) ate the

fern for breakfast, and swallowed the carbon in the

fern in the form of carbohydrates and proteins. in

the process of respiration, oxygen combined with

the carbohydrates and proteins in the dinosaur’s cells

to provide energy for its daily activity.

Answer from: Quest

b) returns freshwater to the earth.

c) returns freshwater to the earth.c) occurs after condensation.

d) returns freshwater to the earth.c) occurs after condensation.d) roughly equal to the amount of evaporation.

happy to

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