The valence of an element or radical is
a. not related to the number of positive or negative charges on the ion.
b. greater than the number of positive or negative charges on the ion.
c. equal to the number of positive or negative charges on the ion.
d. less than the number of positive or negative charges on the ion.

The valence of an element or radical is equal to the number of positive or negative charges on the ion.

myth. it was once thought that animals, including cats and dogs, could only see in black and white. however, scientists have proven this to be a myth. in all animals, including humans, the perception of colour is determined by the presence of cells in the eye called cone photoreceptors.