Help questions 5&6 about force

The rigid beam is supported by the three suspender bars. bars ab and ef are made of aluminum and bar cd is made of steel. if each bar has a cross-sectional area of 450 mm2, determine the maximum value of p if the allowable stress is (σallow)st = 200 mpa for the steel and ( σallow)al = 150 mpa for the aluminum. est = 200 gpa and eal = 70 gpa.

Space-time metric ds2= -dt2+at2dx2+bt2dy2+ct2dz2 (a)how does the area of a rectangle with vertices at ( x=0, y=0, z=0 ), (1,0,0 ), ( 0,1,0 ) and (1,1,0 ) changes with time? (b) if a photon moving in the x direction starts from the origin at t=1, when does it reach x=l? (ds=0 for the trajectory of a photon.) (c) the proper time for a particle is defined by cd=ds. what is the proper time for a particle to move along the trajectory ( x(t)=t, y(t)=0, z(t)=0 ) from t=0 to 1 ? what is the condition on the parameter a so that the velocity of the particle never exceeds the speed of light ?

How to tell if two objects are in thermal equilibrium 1.the objects have the same temperature 2.the objects are the same size 3.the objects are touching each other 4.the objects temperatures are changing