The ground state of lithium (Z = 3) has two electrons in the 1s level and one in the 2s. Consider an excited state in which the outermost electron has been raised to the 3p level. Since the 3p wavefunctions are not very penetrating, you can estimate the energy of this electron by assuming it is completely outside both the other electrons. a. In this approximation what is the potential energy felt by the outermost electron?
b. In the same approximation write the formula for the energy of the outer electron if its principal quantum number is n.
c. Estimate the energy of the 3p electron in this way and compare with the observed value of −1.556 eV

When temperature of a substance increases, of its particles increase resulting in more between particles. real world applications of thermal expansion absolute zero (-273 degrees c) is the lowest possible temperature on the kelvin scale. it is a measure of where a substance has no kinetic energy. heat is a process of the . energy flows spontaneously from a object to a until equilibrium is reached. heat is measured in heat is transferred throughis a method of heat transfer that occurs between particles of matter that are in direct contact with each other. are poor conductors that impede / reduce the rate of heat transfer. is a method of heat transfer that occurs in fluids (non-solids) by means of currents. real world application of convectiona method of heat transfer through electromagnetic waves. when energy moves from one object to another inside a closed system, no energy is or in the system in the transaction. systems will spontaneously move to a state of organized energy or high disorder over time called