An important wavelength of radiation used in radio astronomy is 21.1 cm. (This wavelength of radiation is emitted by excited neutral hydrogen atoms.) This radiation travels at the speed of light, 3.00×108 m/s. Compute the frequency of this radio wave.

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the binding energy is the energy required to create z separate protons and n=a-z separate neutrons from a (a,z) nucleus in its ground state. another way to think about it is binding energy is the mass energy which is missing from a nucleus compared to the mass energy of the individual nucleons.

the temperature and the pressure affect solubility. temperature affects by changing the properties of the solvent. the increase in pressure increases solubility, the decrease in pressure decreases solubility.