A lithium atom has 3 protons, 4 neutrons and 3 electrons. How would the atom change to become a cation? How would the atom change to become an anion?

- For the lithium ion to change to become an anion, it will have to gain one or more electrons which can be pulled away from possibly other atoms with a weaker affinity for them.

- For the lithium ion to change to become a cation, it will have to loose one or more electrons which can be drawn by other atoms with a stronger affinity for them.

Explanation:

Generally, an anion has a net negative charge arising from the fact that it has more electrons than protons while a cation has a net positive charge arising from the fact that it has more protons than electrons.

Now, for the lithium ion to change to an anion, it means it has to have more electrons than it's protons. Thus, since it has 3 number each of protons and electrons, it will have to gain one or more electrons which can be pulled away from possibly other atoms with a weaker affinity for them.

Now, for the lithium ion to change to a cation, it means it has to have more protons than it's electrons. Thus, since it has 3 number each of protons and electrons, it will have to loose one or more electrons which can be drawn out by possibly other atoms with a stronger affinity for them.

speed

ratio of distance traveled to time interval

net force

vector sum of forces on object

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source of diverging light rays either luminous or illuminated

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explanation:

-first use of geothermal energy occurred more than 10,000 years ago in north america by american paleo-indians

-the first industrial use of geothermal energy began near pisa, italy in late 18th century

-in 1904, italian scientist piero ginori conti invented the first geothermal electric power plant in which steam was used to generate the power

-with the above experiment, the first geothermal plant in usa started in 1922 with a capacity of 250 kilowatts

-however, in 1946 first ground-source geothermal heat pump installed at commonwealth building in portland, oregon

-during the 1960’s, pacific gas and electric began operation of first large scale geothermal power plant in san francisco, producing 11 megawatts

-in 1973, when oil crisis began many countries began looking for renewable energy sources and by 1980’s geothermal heat pumps (ghp) started gaining popularity in order to reduce heating and cooling costs

-as effect of climate change started showing results, governments of various countries joined hands to fight against it, for which kyoto protocol was signed in japan in 1997, laid out emission targets for rich countries and required that they transfer funds and technology to developing countries, 184 countries have ratified it

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