How does the force of friction affect the motion of objects

Light from the sun reaches the earth in 8.3 minutes. the velocity is 3.00 x 10^8 m/s. how far is earth from the sun? i know how to get to d = (3 x 10^8 m/s)(498 sec). i just don't know how to get from there to the answer being 1.5 x 10^11 m.

Total solidification times of three casting geometries are to be compared: a sphere, a cylinder, in which the length-to-diameter ration - 1.0, and a cube. volume = 1000 cm^3 for all three shhapes, and the same casting alloy is used. a) determine the solidification times of each geometry b) based on the results of part (a), which geometric element would make the best riser? c) if the mold constant = 3.5 min/cm^2 in chvorinov's rule, compute the total solidification time for each casting.

A980-kg sports car collides into the rear end of a 2300-kg suv stopped at a red light. the bumpers lock, the brakes are locked, and the two cars skid forward 2.6m before stopping.the police officer, estimating the coefficient of kinetic friction between tires and road to be 0.80, calculates the speed of the sports car at impact. what was that speed?