At what minimum speed must a roller coaster be traveling when upside down at the top of a 7.4 m radius loop-the-loop circle so the passengers will not fall out?

v = 8.5 m/s

Explanation:

In order for the passengers not to fall out of the loop circle, the centripetal force must be equal to the weight of the passenger. Therefore,

Weight = Centripetal Force

but,

Weight = mg

Centripetal Force = mv²/r

Therefore,

mg = mv²/r

g = v²/r

v² = gr

v = √gr

where,

v = minimum speed required = ?

g = 9.8 m/s²

r = radius = 7.4 m

Therefore,

v = √(9.8 m/s²)(7.4 m)

v = 8.5 m/s

Minimum speed for a roller coaster while travelling upside down  so that the person will not fall out = 8.5 m/s

For a roller coaster be traveling when upside down the Force balance equation can be written for a person of mass m.

In the given condition the weight of the person must be balanced by the centrifugal force.

and for the person not to fall out centrifugal force must be greater than or equal to the weight of the person

According to the Newton's Second Law of motion we can write force balance

Given Radius of loop = r = 7.4 m

Putting the value  of r = 7.4 m  in equation (1) we get

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layers of the earth affect the waves and these effects are seen on instruiments such as seimometers

the answer is b, have negligible mass