Several common systems have a "two state" nature. Coins land with either Heads or Tails, electronic spins have magnetic moments m pointing either (Up) or (Down). The terms "microstate" and "macrostate" describe these systems, each containing a number of objects or steps:

The membrane surrounding a living cell consists of an inner and an outer wall that are separated by a small space. assume that the membrane acts like a parallel plate capacitor in which the effective charge density on the inner and outer walls has a magnitude of 7.0 × 10-6 c/m2. (a) what is the magnitude of the electric field within the cell membrane? (b) find the magnitude of the electric force that would be exerted on a potassium ion (k+; charge = +e) placed inside the membrane.

Awater-filled u-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure inside a tank that contains air. the water level in the u-tube on the side that connects to the tank is 5 ft above the base of the tank. the water level in the other side of the u-tube (which is open to the atmosphere) is 2 ft above the base. determine the pressure within the tank.

What would be the strength of earth's gravitational field at a point where an 80.0 kg astronaut would experience a 80% reduction in weight