An enclosed amount of nitrogen gas undergoes thermodynamic processes as follows: from an initial state A to a state B to C to D and back to A, as shown in the P-V diagram. Assume that the gas behaves ideally. (a) If the process A-B is isothermal, determine the pressure of the gas in the state B. (b) Calculate the heat transferred to the gas in the process A-B. (c) Calculate the work done on the gas, the heat transferred to the gas and the change in internal energy for the process B-C. (d) What is the change in internal energy of the gas for the entire process, A-B-C-D-A? point A(0.10,13.0) point B(0.12, P) C(0.135, 5.00) D(0.10, 5.00)(V, P)

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Suppose that an electromagnetic wave which is linearly polarized along the x−axis is propagating in vacuum along the z−axis. the wave is incident on a conductor which is placed at z > 0 region of the space. the conductor has conductivity σ, magnetic permeability µ and electric permittivity ε. (a) find the characteristic time for the free charge density which dissipates at the conductor. (b) write the maxwell equations and derive the wave equation for a plane wave propagating in a conductor. (c) find the attenuation distance at which the incident amplitude reduces to e ^−1 of its initial value. (d) find the electric and magnetic fields inside the conductor. 8 (e) find the power loss per area of the incident electromagnetic wave at the surface of conductor.

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