As a prank, your friends have kidnapped you in your sleep, and transported you out onto the ice covering a local pond. Since you're an engineer, the first thing you do when you wake up is drill a small hole in the ice and estimate the ice to be 6.7cm thick and the distance to the closest shore to be 30.5 m. The ice is so slippery (i. e. frictionless) that you cannot seem to get yourself moving. You realize that you can use Newton's third law to your advantage, and choose to throw the heaviest thing you have, one boot, in order to get yourself moving. Take your weight to be 588 N. (Lucky for you that, as an engineer, you sleep with your knife in your pocket and your boots on.) 1)(a) What direction should you throw your boot so that you will most quickly reach the shore? away from the closest shore perpendicular to the closest shore straight up in the air at your friend standing on the closest shore
2)(b) If you throw your 1.08-kg boot with an average force of 391 N, and the throw takes 0.576 s (the time interval over which you apply the force), what is the magnitude of the force that the boot exerts on you? (Assume constant acceleration.)
391 N
3)(c) How long does it take you to reach shore, including the short time in which you were throwing the boot?

Just number 3

1a) The direction to throw the boot is directly away from the closest shore.

2b) The magnitude of the force that the thrown boot exerts on the engineer = 391 N

3c) Time taken to reach shore = 8.414 s

Explanation:

1a) Newton's third law of motion explains that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

The force generated by throwing the boot in one direction is exerted back on the engineer as recoil in the opposite direction.

Hence, the best direction to throw the boot is opposite the direction that the engineer intends to move towards.

2b) Just as explained in (1a) above, the force exerted in one direction always has a reaction of the same magnitude in the opposite direction.

Hence, the force exerted by the boot on the engineer is equal to the force exerted by the engineer on the boot = 391 N.

3c) For this part, we analyze the total motion of the engineer.

The force exerted by the boot on the engineer initially accelerates the engineer until the engineer reaches a constant velocity dictated the impulse of the initial force (since impulse is equal to change in momentum), this constant velocity then takes the engineer all the way to shore, since the ice surface is frictionless.

The weight of the engineer = W = 588 N

W = mg

Mass of the engineer = (W/g) = (588/9.8) = 60 kg

Force exerted on the engineer by the thrown boot = F = 391 N

F = ma

Initial acceleration of the engineer = (F/m) = (391/60) = 6.52 m/s²

We can then calculate the distance covered during this acceleration

X₁ = ut + ½at₁²

u = initial velocity of the engineer = 0 m/s (the engineer was initially at rest)

t₁ = time during which the force acts = 0.576 s

a = acceleration during this period = 6.52 m/s²

X₁ = 0 + 0.5×6.52×0.576² = 1.08 m

For the second part of the engineer's motion, the velocity becomes constant.

So, we first calculate this constant velocity

Impulse = Change in momentum

F×t = mv - mu

F = Force causing motion = 391 N

t = time during which the force acts = 0.576 s

m = mass of the engineer = 60 kg

v = final constant velocity of the engineer = ?

u = initial velocity of the engineer = 0 m/s

391 × 0.576 = 60v

v = (391×0.576/60) = 3.7536 m/s.

The distance from the engineer's initial position to shore is given as 30.5 m

The engineer covers 1.08 m during the time the force causing motion was acting.

The remaining distance = X₂ = 30.5 - 1.08 = 29.42 m

We can then calculate the time taken to cover the remaining distance, 29.42 m at constant velocity of 3.7536 m/s

X₂ = vt₂

t₂ = (X₂/v) = (29.42/3.7536) = 7.838 s

Time taken to reach shore = t₁ + t₂ = 0.576 + 7.838 = 8.414 s

Hope this Helps!!!

it is given that trillions of microbes make up to 1% to 3% of the body mass.

let's take average of this percentage: 2%

consider the average mass of the human body as 70 kg.

then, trillions of microbes would have mass  

therefore, 100 trillion micro-organisms would weigh:

this is an approximate value and could change depending on the mass of the human body and percentage of the microbes present in it.

average mass per microorganism =