How do scientist learn about stars and galaxies even tough humans have never been there?

The plum pudding model of the atom states that ?

An object is 10 cm from the mirror, its height is 1 cm and the focal length is 5 cm. what is the image height? (indicate the object orientation by including the + or - sign with the answer.) hi = cm +1 -1 +10 -10

Consider a uniformly charged ring in the xy plane, centered at the origin. the ring has radius a and positive charge qdistributed evenly along its circumference. a)what is the direction of the electric field at any point on the z axis? . b)what is the magnitude of the electric field along the positive z axis? use k in your answer, where k=14πϵ0. d)the ball will oscillate along the z axis between z=d and z=−d in simple harmonic motion. what will be the angular frequency ω of these oscillations? use the approximation d≪a to simplify your calculation; that is, assume that d2+a2≈a2. express your answer in terms of given charges, dimensions, and constants